Land-based rainwater harvesting methods are designed to capture and store rainwater directly where it falls, often improving soil moisture, reducing runoff, and providing a water source for plants. These methods are particularly useful in arid and semi-arid regions where water resources are scarce. Here are some examples:

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1. Contour Swales: These are shallow, wide channels dug along the contour lines of a landscape. They are designed to slow down the flow of water, allowing it to infiltrate into the soil. Swales can be lined with vegetation to further enhance water absorption and prevent erosion.

2. Rock Dams: Also known as gabions, rock dams are structures made from rocks placed in a wire mesh and positioned across small watercourses or gullies. They slow down water flow, reduce erosion, and promote the infiltration of water into the surrounding soil.

3. Zai Pits: Originating in West Africa, zai pits are small planting pits dug into hard, degraded soil. They are typically filled with compost and used to capture and store rainwater, providing a fertile spot for crops to grow.

4. Contour Cordons or CCTs (Contour Cordons Techniques): These are rows of stones placed along the contour lines of a slope. They help slow down runoff, reduce soil erosion, and increase water infiltration.

5. Rainwater Gardens: These are planted depressions designed to absorb rainwater runoff from impervious areas like roofs, driveways, walkways, and compacted lawn areas. They allow the water to soak into the ground, reducing runoff and improving water quality.

6. Terracing: This involves shaping the land into a series of step-like platforms, typically following the contour lines. Terraces slow down water runoff, reduce erosion, and allow more time for water to infiltrate the soil.

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These and many other methods not only help to harvest rainwater but also contribute to soil conservation, improved soil fertility, and increased agricultural productivity.